īy the end of 1968, the prospective purchases from the six countries amounted to 1,500 aircraft. Britain joined the MRCA group in 1968, represented by Air Vice-Marshal Michael Giddings, and a memorandum of agreement was drafted between Britain, West Germany, and Italy in May 1969. As the partner nations' requirements were so diverse, it was decided to develop a single aircraft that could perform a variety of missions that were previously undertaken by a fleet of different aircraft. In 1968, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Canada formed a working group to examine replacements for the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, initially called the Multi Role Aircraft (MRA), later renamed as the Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA). West German EWR with Boeing then with Fairchild-Hiller and Republic Aviation had been developing design studies of the swing-wing EWR-Fairchild-Hiller A400 AVS Advanced Vertical Strike (which has a similar configuration to the Tornado) from 1964 to 1968. Britain continued to develop a variable-geometry aircraft similar to the proposed AFVG, and sought new partners to achieve this. Britain and France had initiated the BAC/Dassault AFVG (Anglo-French Variable Geometry) project in 1965, but this had ended with French withdrawal in 1967. The United Kingdom had cancelled the procurement of the TSR-2 and subsequent F-111K aircraft, and was still looking for a replacement for its Avro Vulcan and Blackburn Buccaneer strike aircraft. Including all variants, 990 aircraft were built.ĭevelopment Origins Artist's concept of the AFVG, an ancestor to the MRCA programmeĭuring the 1960s, aeronautical designers looked to variable-geometry wing designs to gain the maneuverability and efficient cruise of straight wings with the speed of swept wing designs. The Tornados of various services were also used in the Bosnian War, Kosovo War, Iraq War, in Libya during the 2011 Libyan civil war, as well as smaller roles in Afghanistan, Yemen, and Syria. The Tornado was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF), Italian Air Force, and RSAF during the Gulf War of 1991, in which the Tornado conducted many low-altitude penetrating strike missions. A tri-nation training and evaluation unit operating from RAF Cottesmore, the Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment, maintained a level of international co-operation beyond the production stage. The Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) became the only export operator of the Tornado, in addition to the three original partner nations. Due to its multirole design, it was able to replace several different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces. It first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. The Tornado was developed and built by Panavia Aircraft GmbH, a tri-national consortium consisting of British Aerospace (previously British Aircraft Corporation), MBB of West Germany, and Aeritalia of Italy. There are three primary Tornado variants: the Tornado IDS ( interdictor/ strike) fighter-bomber, the Tornado ECR ( electronic combat/ reconnaissance) SEAD aircraft and the Tornado ADV (air defence variant) interceptor aircraft. EF5 (violent): 200-230 mph, (rare) incredible damage.The Panavia Tornado is a family of twin-engine, variable-sweep wing multi-role combat aircraft, jointly developed and manufactured by Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany.EF4 (violent): 166-199 mph, devastating damage.EF2 (strong): 111-135 mph, considerable damage.EF1 (weak): 86-110 mph, moderate damage.In this tornado simulator, the fastest wind speed is 220 miles per hour, but tornadoes' wind speeds can be as high as 300 miles per hour.Īll tornadoes, and most other severe local windstorms, are assigned a single number from the Enhanced Fujita Scale according to the most intense damage caused by the storm. That's why increasing the difference in pressure also increases the wind speed in this simulation. A bigger difference in pressure makes a bigger tornado with faster winds. This low pressure area draws in higher pressure air and forms the vortex that leads to a tornado. Most tornadoes have a calm center with low air pressure. Pressure difference and rotating speed: The pressure diff refers to the air pressure at the center of the funnel compared to the surrounding air. The effects of the wind from the tornado are much bigger than just the funnel, though. Funnel width: The part of the tornado we can see is the funnel, which is the tube that extends from the cloud to the ground.
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